Friday 27 February 2015

Let us discuss:
How Fermentation Microbiology help us shift from a hydrocarbon economy to a bio-based green economy?

18 comments:

  1. The fermentation microbiology can be used in the production many compounds which can replace the hydrocarbon economy , e.g;- succinic acid produced by fermentation technology has the capacity to replace petroleum (a hydrocarbon).here we can use microbes for degradation of bio fossils( e.g;-plant derivatives). This also can be used in the production of different types of products,
    such as food, energy and industrial products (household
    products, composite materials, pharmaceuticals, paper,
    textiles etc.). ...

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  2. This comment has been removed by the author.

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  3. With the help of Fermentation Microbiology we can shift from hydrocarbon based energy source like- petroleum, coal, natural gas to a bio-based green economy specially by renewable energy sources, particularly microbial bio-fuels(ehtanol,methane.hydrogen..etc.)
    Ethanol-
    Sugar fermentation by yeast( Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Zymomonas mobilis are primarily used) to processed fermentation sugars needed for fermentation is available from agricultural products and waste and
    this fermented bio-ethanols as a fuel source offers advantages over standard fossil fuels.
    Hydrogen-
    fermentation of organic compounds by many bacteria generates hydrogen.For example, some enterobacteria produce hydrogen and CO2.
    Methane production: Methane (CH4) is an energy-rich fuel that can be produced by anaerobic decomposition of waste materials.

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  4. Bio based green economy have low toxicity,biodegradablity and ecological acceptablity. It has been found that they have reduced the production cost and proved to be more functional than hydrocarbon economy.so therefore it is more prefered or is shifted to bio based green economy from hydrocarbon economy.

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  5. The bio-based economy relies on sustainable, plant-derived resources for fuels, chemicals, materials, food and feed rather than on the evanescent usage of fossil resources. The cornerstone of this economy is the biorefinery, in which renewable resources are intelligently converted to a plethora of products, maximizing the valorization of the feedstocks.Cellulose is a major polysaccharide of the cell wall, and this linear polymer of β-1,4-linked glucose units is considered to be the world’s most abundant biopolymer. Glucose is an ideal carbon source to feed the bio-based economy, since it is easily converted by microorganisms and enzymes into ethanol and a variety of chemical compounds. In a sustainable production process, the remaining biomass is subsequently concentrated and processed to biogas by anaerobic digestion after which the residual waste fractions are converted into bio-oil or biochar by pyrolysis

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  6. Improvement of bioethanol production in Very High Gravity and lignocellulosic biomass industrial fermentations:
    '
    In brewing and ethanol-based biofuel industries, high-gravity fermentation produces 10–15% (v/v) ethanol, resulting in improved overall productivity, reduced capital cost, and reduced energy input compared to processing at normal gravity.

    The optimization of industrial bioethanol production will depend manipulation of industrial strains to improve their robustness against the many stress factors affecting their performance during very high gravity (VHG) or lignocellulosic fermentations.

    a set of Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes found, through genome-wide screenings, to confer resistance to the simultaneous presence of different relevant stresses were identified as required for maximal fermentation performance under industrial conditions.

    Chemogenomics data were used to identify eight genes whose expression confers simultaneous resistance to high concentrations of glucose, acetic acid and ethanol, chemical stresses relevant for VHG fermentations; and eleven genes conferring simultaneous resistance to stresses relevant during lignocellulosic fermentations.

    The identified genes stand as preferential targets for genetic engineering manipulation in order to generate more robust industrial strains, able to cope with the most significant fermentation stresses and, thus, to increase ethanol production rate and final ethanol titers.

    REF: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22152034

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  7. A biofuel is a fuel that is derived from biological materials, such as plants and microorganism .These fuels are made by a biomass conversion. This biomass can be converted to convenient energy containing substances in three different ways: thermal conversion, chemical conversion, and biochemical conversion. This biomass conversion can result in fuel in solid, liquid, or gasform. This new biomass can be used for biofuels. Biofuels have increased in popularity because of rising oil prices and the need for energy security.Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermentation(microorganism like Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Zymomonas mobilis are primarily used), mostly from carbohydrates produced in sugar or starch crops such as corn, sugarcane, or sweet sorghum. Cellulosic biomass, derived from non-food sources is also being developed as a feedstock for ethanol production. Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a gasoline additive to increase octane and improve vehicle emissions.Bio based green economy have low toxicity,biodegradablity and ecological acceptablity. It has been found that they have reduced the production cost and proved to be more functional than hydrocarbon economy..

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  8. Fermentation microbiology helps in shift from hydrocarbon to bio-based green economy due to reduction in reliance on fossil fuels,increases the use of renewable agricultural resources,production cost can be reduced,biodegradable products can be produced and contribution to reducing adverse environmental and health impacts.
    In bio-based economy industrial chemicals can be produced from side products of existing industrial processes by using microorganisms.
    Eg:-Potato juice,a by product of potato starch processing is nitrogen/vitamin source for growth of the organisms and propionic acid production.

    Glycerol,a by product of bio-diesel production is used as raw material for production of propionic acid,3-hydroxypropionaldhyde.
    Glycerol can also be used as carbon source by different bacteria.

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  9. Sir , I have question regarding the bio green based fermentation and it states as follows :

    Bio hydrogen can be produced by Photosynthesizing micro organisms by photolysis of water. Genetic engineering can be used to increase production of hydrogen. Why this technology is not widely developed ?

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  10. Fermentative production of bio ethanol and then bio polyethylene from it is an example of biobased product.
    Polyethylene (PE) is an important engineering polymer traditionally produced from fossil resources.
    Currently, bio-PE produced on an industrial scale from bioethanol is derived from sugarcane. Bioethanol is also derived from biorenewable feedstocks, including sugar beet, starch crops such as maize, wood, wheat, corn, and other plant wastes through microbial strain and biological fermentation process. In a typical process, extracted sugarcane juice with high sucrose content is anaerobically fermented to produce ethanol. At the end of the fermentation process, ethanol is distilled in order to remove water and to yield azeotropic mixture of hydrous ethanol. Ethanol is then dehydrated at high temperatures over a solid catalyst to produce ethylene and, subsequently, polyethylene.Bio-based polyethylene has exactly the same chemical, physical, and mechanical properties as petrochemical polyethylene.
    Bio-PE can replace all the applications of current fossil-based PE.

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  11. Bio-based polymers are materials which are produced from renewable resources.
    Bio-based polymers similar to conventional polymers are produced by bacterial fermentation processes by synthesizing the building blocks (monomers) from renewable resources, including lignocellulosic biomass (starch and cellulose), fatty acids, and organic waste.
    Polybutylene succinate (PBS) is an aliphatic polyester. PBS is produced by condensation of succinic acid and 1,4-butanediol. PBS can be produced by either monomers derived from petroleum-based systems or the bacterial fermentation route. There are several processes for producing succinic acid from fossil fuels. Among them, electrochemical synthesis is a common process with high yield and low cost. However, the fermentation production of succinic acid has numerous advantages compared to the chemical process. Fermentation process uses renewable resources and consumes less energy compared to chemical process. Conventional processes for the production of 1,4-butanediol use fossil fuel feedstocks such as acetylene and formaldehyde. The bio-based process involves the use of glucose from renewable resources to produce succinic acid followed by a chemical reduction to produce butanediol. PBS is produced by transesterification, direct polymerization, and condensation polymerization reactions. PBS copolymers can be produced by adding a third monomer such as sebacic acid, adipic acid, and succinic acid which is also produced by renewable resources.Thus Fermentation Microbiology help us shift from a hydrocarbon economy to a bio-based green economy.

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  12. Types of sparger and its uses:
    Among different types of sparger used one type is the long porous injectors, it is a line of porous metal seamless injector which creates bubbles smaller and more numerous than any other type of spargers. Greater gas/liquid contact area, time&volume required to dissolve gas into liquid is reduced. Most important factor when injecting gas into liquid is to increase the surface area of the gas to ensure fast absorption into the liquid. This is accomplished by reducing bubble size, creates slow moving tiny bubbles that results in large increase in absorption.

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  13. QUESTION:In which phase(heating/holding/cooling) of autoclave
    microorganisms are killed to obtain sterilization?
    ANSWER :Microorganisms killed in heating and holding phase.
    microorganisms killed in heating but not initiation
    of heating phase.

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    Replies
    1. Microorganisms are killed in all the three phases that is heating,holding and cooling.maximum microorganisms are killed in heating phase.Spores are killed in holding phase and germinating spores are killed in cooling phase.

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  14. QUESTION: Fastest method for detecting contamination?
    In the present study, we propose gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolic footprint analysis as a rapid and reliable method for the detection of microbial contamination in fermentation processes. Our metabolic footprint analysis detected statistically significant differences in metabolite profiles of axenic and contaminated batch cultures of microalgae as early as 3 h after contamination was introduced, while classical detection methods could detect contamination only after 24 h. The data were analyzed by discriminant function analysis and were validated by leave-one-out cross-validation. We obtained a 97% success rate in correctly classifying samples coming from contaminated or axenic cultures. Therefore, metabolic footprint analysis combined with discriminant function analysis presents a rapid and cost-effective approach to monitor microbial contamination in industrial fermentation processes.

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  15. Largest fermentor ever built.
    Largest fermentor was of airlift design. It was used by ICI company. Billingham(UK) in its single cell protein cultivation of methanotrophs on methanol(substrate)
    Dimension:
    13m diameter
    60m hight
    1900m cube volume

    Problem associated:
    60m hight reactor proved insufficient & mass transfer coefficient was far too low.
    Massive power input for liquid phase mixing.
    Source: https://books.google.co.in/books?id=wwddCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA350&lpg=PA350&dq=largest+fermentor+ever+built&source=bl&ots=EuayfGmiy6&sig=riXmWuWoMmTMXnRoqQl9aX_M3R4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjahcCu7s3YAhUBQ48KHZSbCoAQ6AEwC3oECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
    (Page 350)

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  16. Stoichiometry: The relationship between the relative quantities of substances taking part in a reaction or forming a compound, typically a ratio of whole integers.

    Origin
    early 19th century: from Greek stoikheion ‘element’ + -metry.

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