Wednesday 31 December 2014

Topics of emerging importance:
  • Biorefinery concept
  • Alcohol production from lignocellulosic waste
  • Glycerol based fermentations
  • Lactic acid as a precursor for chemical industry

6 comments:

  1. ans 2)
    Cellulosic ethanol technology is one of the most commonly discussed
    second generation biofuel technologies worldwide.
    The largest potential feedstock for ethanol is lignocellulosic biomass, which includes materials such as agricultural residues (corn stover, crop straws, husks and bagasse) short rotation woody crops, forestry residues, waste paper and other wastes.Bioethanol production from these feedstocks could be an attractive alternative for disposal of these residues.

    Production of ethanol using lignocellulase waste:

    Lignocellulosic biomass consists mainly of lignin and the polysaccharides cellulose and hemicellulose and the use of lignocellulosic biomass is complicated because the polysaccharides are more stable and the pentose sugars are not readily fermentable by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
    lignocellulosic biomass converted to biofuels by hydrolyses, or broken down, into simple sugars using either acid or enzymes. some biotechnological approaches can be used such as strain improvement so that s.cerevisiae can utilized pentose sugar.

    The three major steps are majorly involved in bioethanol production via Biochemical method :- pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation.

    pretreatment and the enzymatic hydrolysis steps are major cost components in bioethanol production.
    optimization of these two important steps, which collectively contributes about 70% of the total processing cost, are the major challenges in the commercialization of bioethanol from 2nd generation feedstock.

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  2. Production of Ethanol from lignocellulosic waste.
    The pretreatment of substrate is the most important aspect for better enzymatic reactions; which can convert them into sugars and eventually leads to productions of Ethanol.
    There are several novel and efficient pretreatment methods which have effects on improvement of ethanol and/or biogas production; like...milling, irradiation, microwave, steam explosion, ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX), supercritical CO2 and its explosion, alkaline hydrolysis, liquid hot-water pretreatment, organosolv processes, wet oxidation, ozonolysis, dilute- and concentrated-acid hydrolyses.
    These Efficient and novel methods make the lignocelluloses available to the enzymatic attack and the efficient utilization of these substrates is an opportunity to reduce the cost of ethanol. Details of each of these methods are given in this review article: Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Wastes to Improve Ethanol and Biogas Production.

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  3. Biorefinery concept
    Biorefining refers to fractionating biomass into various separated products that possibly undergo a further biological, (bio)chemical, physical and/or thermal chemical processing and separation. By means of co-producing relatively (high) value chemicals (e.g. fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals, polymers) the production costs of secondary energy carriers (e.g. transport fuels, heat, power) potentially could become market competitive, especially when biorefining is integrated into the existing chemical, material and power industries.

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  4. Microbial production of glycerol has been known for 150 years, and glycerol was produced commercially during World War I. Glycerol production by microbial synthesis subsequently declined since it was unable to compete with chemical synthesis from petrochemical feedstocks due to the low glycerol yields and the difficulty with extraction and purification of glycerol from brothSubstantial overproduction of glycerol by yeast from monosaccharides can be obtained by: (1) forming a complex between acetaldehyde and bisulfite ions thereby retarding ethanol production and restoring the redox balance through glycerol synthesis; (2) growing yeast cultures at pH values near 7 or above; or (3) using osmotolerant yeasts. In recent years, significant improvements have been made in the glycerol production using osmotolerant yeasts on a commercial scale in ChinaThe most outstanding achievements include: (1) isolation of novel osmotolerant yeast strains producing up to 130 g/L glycerol with yields up to 63% and the productivities up to 32 g/(L day); (2) glycerol yields, productivities and concentrations in broth up to 58%, 30 g/(L day) and 110 –120 g/L, respectively, in an optimized aerobic fermentation process have been attained on a commercial scale; and (3) a carrier distillation technique with a glycerol distillation efficiency greater than 90% has been developed

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  5. Biorefinery concept:
    Biorefining is generally a sustainable processing of biomass into marketable products and energy. The biorefinery is an industrial facility that involves an extensive range of combined technologies which aim for sustainable transformation of biomass production of bio fuels, energy, chemicals etc...

    It is analogous to petroleum refinery. It makes use of different biomass treatment and processing methods which results in the production of different components from the same biomass. This reduces the waste generated during the process. The result of a biorefinery process can be high-volume but low-energy content liquid fuels, that could serve the needs of transportation industry. Wastes can be converted, through enzymatic or chemical treatment, into either gaseous or liquid fuels.

    some examples are Sugar cane mills producing products such as sugar, ethanol and value added products such as polyhydroxybutyrate. Other known examples of currently running biorefineries are pulp industries such as Lenzing AG (Austria), Portucel Soporcel (Portugal).

    Problems like availability of raw material, feasibility in product supply chain and also fermenter model are hampering development of biorefineries at commercial-scales or large scale.

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